Operation Torch: The Allied Invasion of North Africa The North African Campaign began in earnest for the U.S. with Operation Torch in November 1942. This operation marked the first major combat deployment of American troops in the European theater. U.S. forces, alongside British troops, landed in French North Africa (Morocco and Algeria) to confront Vichy French forces, who were sympathetic to the Axis powers. By securing these territories, the Allies established a foothold for further operations in North Africa. Combat Against German and Italian Forces After gaining control of Morocco and Algeria, American and British forces advanced east toward Tunisia, where they encountered the experienced German Afrika Korps led by General Erwin Rommel. U.S. troops engaged in a series of battles, including the Battle of Kasserine Pass, where they initially suffered losses but quickly adapted, gaining valuable combat experience against German forces. This battle was a significant learning experience for the U.S. Army, which adapted tactics and leadership that would benefit future operations. Supporting British Forces in Egypt and Libya U.S. support included both direct combat and logistical assistance to British forces engaged in battles with German and Italian forces in Egypt and Libya, particularly around El Alamein. The U.S. Army provided critical supplies, equipment, and air support to sustain the Allied campaign in the harsh desert conditions. Securing the Mediterranean and Protecting Supply Lines North Africa’s strategic location allowed the Allies to protect Mediterranean shipping routes and secure vital supply lines, which were essential for maintaining the flow of resources to Allied forces in Europe and the Middle East. With control of North Africa, the Allies could prevent the Axis from disrupting critical supply lines, which allowed for a more sustained campaign against the Axis in Southern Europe. Staging Ground for the Invasion of Italy Once Axis forces were defeated in North Africa in May 1943, the region became the launching point for the Allied invasion of Sicily and subsequently Italy, marking the first step in the Allied push into continental Europe. North Africa served as a base for training and organizing forces, as well as for air and naval operations supporting the Italian Campaign. Outcomes and Legacy of the U.S. Army’s Role in North Africa The U.S. Army’s involvement in North Africa helped secure a crucial Allied victory against Axis forces, ending their presence in the region. This campaign built cooperation between American and British forces, honing strategies and tactics that would be used throughout the war. North Africa became the proving ground for the U.S. Army, where it learned valuable lessons in logistics, desert warfare, and coordination with Allied forces that would shape the remainder of its efforts in World War II. Overall, the North African Campaign was a pivotal point in the war, marking the beginning of the Allied counteroffensive in Europe and setting the stage for further operations against the Axis powers.